The American Natural Disaster Hurricane Katrina - 1209 Words

The American natural disaster Hurricane Katrina is likely to be the most actively blamed associated disaster in the United States. Although the question remains who is to receive the blame – for the deaths and failures of appropriated emergency response and aid, I believe to place the blame on one party over another is dismissive due to sundry factors requiring attention. This is not to say, however, that FEMA or the national or state and local governments are not at all to blame for this tragedy -- as they were all responders to the situation, but how yellow journalism was utilized – by journalists – to provide false and inaccurate statements regarding Hurricane Katrina. For example, the way media televised, photographed, and displayed Hurricane Katrina’s aftermath – in New Orleans -- remarkably revealed the vast majority of those affected were African-American. These numbers were not only disproportionate to the sizable percentages of African-Americans within the city limits (CensusScope, 2006), but also how mainstream media and news outlets manipulated their stances. In fact, it wasn’t until Rapper Kanye West declared a statement in 2005 stating â€Å"George Bush doesn’t care about black people† (Broder, Wilgoren, Alford, 2005), that caused an open debate on live television initiating a political-partisan outcry. Although the extent of Kanye West s words were heavily debated by Secretary of State Condoleeza Rice and others (Broder et al., 2005; Susan, J., 2008), theseShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Hurricane Katrina On Impoverished New Orleans Essay1738 Words   |  7 Pages The Effects of Hurricane Katrina on Impoverished New Orleans Brianna Algazali Sociology 2410 December 16, 2016 Abstract Hurricane Katrina will forever be noted in United States history as one of the worst natural disasters to hit the states. Within its wake, Hurricane Katrina left thousands of Americans dead and many more homeless with no place to call home. A vast majority of the homeless were already living in poverty in New Orleans, where Hurricane Katrina hit the hardest. PeopleRead MoreHurricane Katrin A Devastating Storm1576 Words   |  7 PagesHurricane Katrina was a devastating storm that ravaged New Orleans, but it was more than just a natural disaster. The general public and even some top officials are quick to dismiss this great storm as an inevitable force of mother nature as if it was just another hurricane of the season. In doing so, they subscribe to a mindset that is actually a disservice to those who suffered Hurricane Katrina’s wrath. A myriad of publications like Come Hell or High Water, Overcoming Katrina, and There is NoRead MoreUnnatural Disasters: Thinking about Natura l Disasters in a Sociological Way1731 Words   |  7 PagesAugust 23rd, 2005; Hurricane Katrina, formed over the Bahamas, hitting landfall in Florida. By the 29th, on its third landfall it hit and devastated the city of New Orleans, becoming the deadliest hurricane of the 2005 season and, one of the five worst hurricanes to hit land in the history of the United States. Taking a look at the years leading to Katrina, preventative actions, racial and class inequalities and government, all of this could have been prevented. As presented in the newspaper articleRead MoreUnited States Government Response to Hurricane Katrina: Where Does the Blame Belong?1645 Words   |  7 Pagesaffect or interfere with decisions.† Many accuse the United States’ national government of minimal and slow actions taken after the tragedy of Hurricane Katrina, while others share the blame of this response. Local, state, and national government response will be discussed, focusing on the govern ment’s interaction after the strike of Hurricane Katrina. Katrina hit New Orleans, Louisiana on August 29th, 2005, but the failure of the local government started before this day â€Å"by allowing building and growingRead MoreHurricanes and Earthquakes1652 Words   |  7 PagesHurricanes and earthquakes are two of the most dangerous natural disasters in the United States. They can be very disastrous and deadly. In the United States, there have been 73 hurricanes since 1954. Earthquakes are harder to detect because they have to have at least a magnitude of 5 (Earthquakes per year, 2009). The amount of earthquakes detected in the United States was 1656 in the past 10 years (Earthquakes per year, 2009). The World Meteorological Organization is the organization that canRead MoreThe American Red Cross1647 Words   |  7 Pages The American Red Cross is one of the largest disaster relief charities, helping over 100 million people in 2013 alone. To fully understand what the Red Cross does, the term nonprofit should be defined. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, nonprofit is defined as â€Å"not conducted or maintained for the purpose of making a profit† (2012). The American Red Cross’ works not only with disaster relief, but the company also consists of many other distinct branches. They help out not only with disasterRead MoreThe Impact Of Hurricane Katrina On The United States1414 Words   |  6 Pages 2005; a very strong storm known as Hurricane Katrina was heading northwest towards the mainland of the United States. Such a storm could lead to catastrophe and there will be no happy ending for anyone. When any type of natural disaster strikes, how does America respond and help those who are in need. The idea of Hurricane Katrina interested me because my favorite college football t eam are known as the â€Å"Miami Hurricanes†. It felt right to research hurricanes and how it affects many people near watersRead MoreHurricane Katrin Emergency Planning1185 Words   |  5 Pages3 Assignment – Hurricane Katrina HSM315: Emergency Planning Hurricane Katrina was an extraordinary act of nature that created massive human tragedy. Experts say that Hurricane Katrina was the most destructive natural disaster in U.S. history. This massive hurricane brought with it catastrophic floods, obliteration of numerous homes and business, ruined the offshore energy infrastructures, and caused an estimated $96 billion dollars in damage. The aftermath of Hurricane Katrina resulted in anRead MoreNegative Essay : Hurricane Katrina1314 Words   |  6 PagesHurricane Katrina Imagine waking up one day, and you learn that you and your family are in terrible danger. You must pack your clothes, food, and irreplaceable items into a bag and get in your car and evacuate from the place you know and love. Where would you go? Unfortunately, this is the predicament many people faced during the last week of August, in 2005, when Hurricane Katrina was making its way into the Gulf of Mexico. Hurricane Katrina was a monstrous natural disaster that made landfall andRead MoreHurricane Katrin The Second Largest Hurricane862 Words   |  4 PagesHurricane Katrina known as the fifth largest hurricane ever to hit the United States formed on August 23, 2005 and dissipated August 31, 2005. Katrina was classified as a category five hurricane with wind speeds up to 175 mph. Katrina made headlines because of its destruction region which was Louisiana. Many families especially African-Americans were considered to be vulnerable and left to die from the disaster. In the following I will address whether Katrina was a natural disaster ready to happen

Career And College Ready Research Paper - 2029 Words

Career and College Ready Research Paper The right career path begins with the right college, and the right college should take me to the right path. I always wondered what I was going to do with my life ever since I was 12 years old. When I turned 14 I wanted to become a video game designer but then I looked into it and learned how much I hated it, how much it wasn’t like playing video games. So as I always told myself â€Å"if it isn’t right for you then go with the next thing in life you enjoy.†. So that’s when I started my journey of life mentally, looking to the right career for success. It is important to understand the education or training requirements, skills or talents needed, salary and benefits offered, and the duties for a particular career when making the decision. I have decided to go into Networking for many reasons, one of those reasons is that it’s the right kind of job for me, as I’m known as the â€Å"computer guy†,â€Å"the nerd†, â€Å"the computer nerd†, and â€Å"the IT guy†. The job title for the networking job I’m looking into is known as none other than â€Å"Network Administration†. In this amazing job you get to do many important things for any organization that requires internet or computer services. Network administration requires you to: make sure the internet is running smoothly, make sure all systems are fully upgraded for full performance, troubleshoot any problem that happens to the computer system and network system, train all the people having to do with thatShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Article Higher Ed 950 Words   |  4 Pagesthe body of the paper and also the overall conclusion. It explains why the author is writing the article and it also forms the layou t of the complete article. 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Diabetes Screening Young People Uae Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Diabetess is a debatable wellness disease in the UAE. The proportions in the population are lifting at an dismaying rate. There are many factors giving rise to it, such as fleshiness, incorrect diet, unhealthy life styles and more. We will write a custom essay sample on Diabetes Screening Young People Uae Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The authorities and health care institutes are seeking to do people cognizant of the dangers of diabetes, both for those who have it and those predisposed to it. This paper will look at a possible wellness publicity program of testing for diabetes and pre-diabetic conditions for immature people in the UAE. The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion ( 1986 ) can be straight related to the wellness publicity and wellness instruction undertaking of testing for diabetes and pre-diabetic conditions for immature people in the UAE. There are five distinguishable countries related to this. Building of healthy Public Policy: This means that the authorities and the related wellness sections should be cognizant of the impact of the relevant policies and determinations with respect to their determinations every bit far as diabetes are concerned. All of these include better resource use, Torahs, societal policies and joint and combined action to raise consciousness and Foster better health care for diabetes. Obstacles to the publicity of the diabetes testing procedure demand to be removed and the manner cleared to implement the program easy. Creation of Supportive Environments: The complexness and interrelation of the UAE society demand to be acknowledged. Health issues, particularly diabetes, are connected to the people, life styles and the environment. There is a demand to follow healthy life styles and strike a balance between work and leisure. Peoples will be made cognizant that they can non merely work, but need to exert excessively, as exercising plays an of import function in diabetes control. The community needs to be educated in this respect. Strengthen Community Actions: For an effectual diabetes undertaking, it is indispensable that the community has ownership and duty in the procedure. In the UAE the populace must hold full entree to information, instruction chances and funding with respects to the diabetes wellness programme. Developing personal Skills: The diabetes wellness publicity program must learn people every bit good as provide acquisition chances about the unwellness so that people will be cognizant of their diabetic status and have the ability to move on it and so hold more control over their wellness and determinations sing it. Reorient Health Services: This is the shared duty between persons, community groups, wellness professionals, wellness service suppliers and establishments and the UAE authorities which will work together to set up the showing procedure for diabetes. ( Scribd. ; WHO, The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, 1986 ) . The Ecological Approach in Planing a wellness undertaking for the Screening for Diabetes and Pre-Diabetic Conditions for immature people in the UAE: In the design of the proposed wellness publicity undertaking, the â€Å" ecological attack † of Sallis et Al. ( 2006 ) , will be used. The ecological attack is connected to multilevel intercessions. These are based on ecological theoretical accounts and mark persons, societal environments, physical environments and policies, all of which must be implemented to accomplish population alteration in physical activity. In public wellness, ecological theoretical accounts are those connected to people ‘s interaction with their physical and socio-cultural milieus. In this regard the proposed diabetes undertaking of wellness publicity will utilize these thoughts. As in the Sallis et Al. ( 2006 ) survey, the thought of physical activity will be promoted as portion of the diabetes programme. It has been shown through research that vigorous exercising, such as jogging or aerophilic exercising, for at least 20 proceedingss at a clip, three or more times per hebdomad, can assist in advancing wellness every bit good as prevent many chronic diseases. Subsequently, in the mid- 1990s, the thought evolved in the 30 proceedingss of moderate activity, such as alert walking per twenty-four hours to supply wellness benefits. This construct of activity will be the 1 that will be promoted to the populace in the UAE. All the benefits of such sustained activity and its associated benefits will be advertised and passed on to the populace. It will organize portion of a sustained educational procedure related to diabetes and show people how they can pull off the disease if they have it, or how to forestall it. In order for this to be effectual, and the people to follow an attitude of ‘active and healthy ‘ life, multiple intercessions are necessary. The countries to be addressed are: persons, societal environments, physical environments and policies. Persons: people must be made cognizant ( educated ) about the dangers of a sedentary life style. Inactivity has more negative than wellness benefits. Peoples need to travel and acquire approximately. It has been proven that those with diabetes can keep a better wellness position ( Deakin et al.2005 ) . Ecological theoretical accounts are of import for physical activity publicity. In a public wellness scene, ecological theoretical accounts are the people ‘s interaction with their physical and socio-cultural milieus. This includes the environmental and policy variables that will act upon behaviour. Whereas the environment is clear, the policy relates to the authorities ‘s role- therefore the UAE authorities has a large function to play in providing the fiscal resources for the promotional program of instruction and interventions, every bit good as the substructure, such as recreational Parkss, walking paths, swimming pools and other exerting installations. As portion of the diabetes promotional program for the UAE some requirements are needed in the ecological theoretical account: Safe, attractive and convenient topographic points for physical activities Execution of motivational and educational plans for the usage of the exercising topographic points Involving and use of mass media and community organisations to educate and alter societal norms and civilization ( educate about diabetes- intervention, direction and bar ; benefits of exercising ; healthy feeding A ; weight direction ) . The four chief countries in the planned publicity program will be as follows: Policy Environment: This involves the wellness Departments, diversion installations, Government, schools, media and all other substructure and policies. Behaviour Settings: The handiness of walking installations, wellness attention, vicinity, school environment and others impacting individuals. Behavior: Active Life Spheres: diversion, place activities, transit, occupation activities and how these associate to people. Perceived Environment: safety of the country, attraction, convenience and handiness, which will play a function in the intercession of diabetes and the direction of it ( Scibd. ( n.d. ) . Theory behind the Health Promotion Plan: The plan will be based on theory of community edifice every bit good as community organisation theory. The plan is intended to be led by users and ordinary people, in coaction with aid from wellness professionals and wellness institutes and authorities. Peoples will be shown how to authorise themselves and to better their quality of life. The community will be empowered, and will work on specific issues linked with other groups. A corporate action will come about through political and societal action ( Ottawa Charter, 1986 ; Sallis et al.2006 ) . LITERATURE REVIEW: A survey by Murdoch and Townsend, UAE University, Al Ain, reflects on the incidence of diabetes in the UAE, and specifically in Fujairah. They argue that efficient diabetic attention involves primary, personal and go oning attention as critical parts of a conjunct attempt to better the results for patients with this upset. The direction of cardiovascular hazard factors of high blood pressure, fleshiness, and coffin nail smoke are relevant ends in primary attention. Harmonizing to them, diabetes patients necessitate self-care and good primary wellness attention. Overall, the direction rests with the patient, health care institutes and a chiseled national wellness policy. The best advice must be available to patients and primary wellness attention bringing. In the UAE, there are 260 familial diseases reported. The Centre for Arab Genomic Studies, based in Dubai, identified another 16 upsets in the Arab population. Of these, diabetes is a prevailing 1. The familial testing signifiers portion of the national policy to demo whether persons have an familial temperament to a certain disease. This would besides assist for those meaning to acquire married in order to find if the kid might be affected by the disease ( Khalaf and Underwood, 2010 ) . Harmonizing to a United Nations Health Study, figure of type 2 diabetes in the United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) is amongst the highest in the universe. It is projected that by 2020, approximately 32 % of the grownup population ( age 20-79 ) , including both UAE subjects and exiles, may hold diabetes or pre-diabetes. The costs could surge to about $ 8.52 billion ( USD ) , the equivalent of AED 31.27 billion, over the following decennary if current tendencies continue. This means that one in three grownups from all degrees of UAE society will hold diabetes. However, most of the of instances of pre-diabetes and about 35 % of instances of diabetes in the UAE remain undiagnosed, stand foring lost chances to avoid the costs and complications of a mostly preventable disease. The survey continues to state that Type 2 diabetes which is a common, chronic and potentially crippling disease, affects a wide scope of persons. It affects anyone regardless of cultural or socioeconomic background. It has been shown that weight is a large job in diabetes. Peoples do non cognize that fleshiness, pre-diabetes and diabetes is related conditions that create a unsafe, yet preventable, wellness jobs. Harmonizing to the World Health Organization, approximately 73 % of big adult females and 66 % of work forces are fleshy or corpulent in the UAE. Through this the state is in the top five worldwide in the fleshiness bets. Medical costs attributable to diabetes and pre-diabetes in the UAE are forecast to increase to possibly $ 1.04 billion ( AED 3.82 billion ) by 2020, stand foring a 58 % addition from an estimated $ 657 million ( AED 2.41 billion ) in 2010 ( UNH 2009 ) . This outgo is confirmed to make $ 250 million by 2012, by another survey ( free Press Release, 2010 ) . Fortunately, the figure of diabetes instances can be reduced by early, aggressive intercession. Screening trials, lifestyle alterations and disease direction can assist forestall Type 2 diabetes for those who have it and forestall it for those who are screened to demo that they can acquire it. Mesbah ( 2010 ) studies that the latest figures ( July 2010 ) from the International Diabetes Federation, show that 18.7 % of the UAE grownup population is affected by diabetes, the 2nd highest prevalence worldwide after the Pacific Ocean island of Nauru. This is harmonizing to Dr Maha Taysir Barakat, OBE, Medical A ; Research Director and Consultant Endocrinologist at Abu Dhabi ‘s Imperial College London Diabetes Centre ( ICLDC ) . A call was made on the authorities to step in in advancing an consciousness and educational run to raise consciousness of the dangers of being fleshy and to exert more. Peoples were to be encouraged to keep a healthy weight and to do usage of the Parkss and recreational Centres every bit good as spell for walks on the Corniche countries, such as in Dubai and Abu Dhabi. However, any signifier of exercising, and particularly, walking which is easy to transport out, was to be encouraged. Along with this is the lifestyle alteration and diet consciousne ss. This would debar a diabetic epidemic and set less emphasis on health care installations and healthcare outgo. In 2007, the Dubai authorities started an enterprise to raise diabetes awareness and lifestyle alteration. AMEinfo ( 2007 ) reported that the UAE Ministry of Health ( MoH ) and BinSina Pharmacy have joined forces to protect UAE subjects and occupants from high blood force per unit area, cholesterin, diabetes and fleshiness via a multi-phase, countrywide run. As portion of the consciousness run, an one-year walk has been organized by the Imperial College London Diabetes Centre. In Abu Dhabi, on November 26 2010, the biggest crowd of all time was led by His Highness Sheikh Tahnoon bin Saeed bin Saif Al Nahyan. More than 15,000 people walked on the five kilometers trek around the F1 path at Abu Dhabi ‘s YAS Marina Circuit. This was, Walk UAE 2010, portion of the award-winning public wellness consciousness run under the backing of Her Highness Sheikha Fatima bint Mubarak ( Batnagur 2010 ) . A voluntary showing for diabetes was held in 2009 at a Mall in Dubai to find diabetes. Baxter ( 2009 ) studies that every individual voluntary who took portion in a UAE Ministry of Health testing trial for diabetes, was found to be overweight. This raised serious concerns about the province of the UAE ‘s wellness. Every individual out of the 400 voluntaries who took portion in the trials at Mall of the Emirates in Dubai, were found to be overweight, and weighed more than their recommended organic structure mass index ( BMI ) . The company, Sanofi-aventis, which conducted the trials along with the ministry, reported the consequences and said that it was â€Å" distressing † . All voluntaries were potentially at hazard from diabetes or bosom disease. This was due to the high BMI. The general director of the company said that the people needed to be educated more on eating healthily every bit good as exercising. As portion of the authorities ‘s enterprise of the battle against diabetes, Saberi ( Gulf News, 2010 ) reported that Dr.Razzaq Al Madani, the caput of the Emirates Diabetes Society, has called for a nation-wide diabetes testing programme. This was necessary to maintain path of this disease. The programme was aimed at testing the whole population. Although this was an ambitious program, the value, could non be underestimated. It will affect all physicians and all wellness attention installations, clinics and infirmaries. A month-long run organized by ExHealth, was opened by His Excellency Dr. Hanif Hassan Ali Al Qassim, UAE Minister of Health, as portion of the World Diabetes Day programmes in Dubai as portion of the Know Diabetes. This is a month-long run organized for the 3rd consecutive twelvemonth ( Middle East Events, 2010 ) . From the above it is clear to see that the authorities, every bit good as pharmaceutical companies is actively involved in raising the consciousness of diabetes among the occupants of the UAE. The exhibitions, awareness runs every bit good as large walks which involved 1000s, will certainly do people more cognizant. The lone job is that people still need to take duty for their wellness conditions. The PRECEDE- PROCEED Model: The PRECEDE-PROCEED theoretical account ( Green A ; Kreuter, 1991 ) , provides a comprehensive construction for measuring wellness and quality-of-life demands. This theoretical account is utile for planing, implementing, and measuring wellness publicity. It can besides be used for other public wellness plans to run into the different demands. PRECEDE ( Predisposing, Reinforcing, and Enabling Constructs in Educational Diagnosis and Evaluation ) outlines a diagnostic planning procedure. It assists in the development of a focussed public wellness plan. PROCEED ( Policy, Regulatory, and Organizational Constructs in Educational and Environmental Development ) guides the execution and rating of such plans which are designed by utilizing PRECEDE. PRECEDE consists of five stairss or stages ( Green A ; Kreuter, 1999 ) . Phase one involves finding the quality of life or societal jobs and demands of a given population. Phase two consists of placing the wellness jobs and demands. Phase three involves analysing the behavioral and environmental issues of the wellness jobs. Phase four relates to the factors of the behaviours and life styles which are identified. Phase five involves determines which wellness publicity, wellness instruction and/or policy-related intercessions would best be suited to promoting the desired alterations in the behaviours or environments and in the factors that support those behaviours and environments. PROCEED is composed of four stages. the intercessions identified are implemented. procedure rating of those intercessions. measuring the impact of the intercessions on the factors back uping behaviour, and on behavior itself. last stage comprises outcome evaluation- checking on the ultimate effects of the intercessions on the wellness and quality of life of the population ( Green A ; Kreuter, 1999 ) . Execution: With the Proceed-Precede theoretical account ( Green A ; Kreuter, 1991 ) will be utilized in be aftering the procedure of the diabetes testing program. The targeted people will be assessed. By utilizing this theoretical account, the multiple determiners of wellness will be recognized. The plan will be started by making an appraisal of the quality of life and societal jobs of the people in the UAE, of which wellness is a conducive factor. In this instance the effects of diabetes on the lives of the people in the UAE will be studied. The whole thought of the wellness publicity program is the awareness-making of the state to the necessity of the showing for diabetes and pre-diabetic conditions of immature people in the UAE. Social, environmental and educational appraisal will be done to understand the demands of the community in the UAE ; prioritising them and puting plan ends. Administrative and policy assessment- Information gathered from the old stairss will be used to place the cardinal resources needed, every bit good as policies and ordinances that can impact the plan. Evaluation- this is a important measure: Procedure evaluation- the plan will be evaluated before the execution of the diabetes testing program Outcome evaluation- did the proposed diabetes testing program affect the patient ‘s cognition and wellness state of affairs ; did it hold the awaited consequence ( Scribd. ( n.d. ) . With the proposed program of diabetes testing, it is indispensable that the plan constituents are matched with the degrees of the persons, organisational and community alteration. Interventions need to be matched. A following stage will be to make the pre-test of elements that have non been tested before in the proposed age group in which the showing will be done. The 3rd stage takes into history the demands of the plan that will be aligned with other factors to from a blended, cohesive and comprehensive plan. This will take factors of administrative, organisational, regulative and policy position every bit good as alterations where needed, into history ( Green A ; Kreuter 1991, p.191 ) . Schemes: The programme will be one of publicity of the benefits of showing. Secondary prevention- arrest advancement Community wellness publicity can besides be portion of the programme to demo how Diabetess can be managed -Diabetes Self direction Education Program- ( DSMEP ) . The first scheme will concentrate on the publicity and benefits of testing. Early sensing will take to early intervention and halting of the disease. For those identified with pre-diabetes, a wellness program can be devised. All the thoughts of the disease will be passed on top the people. This means educating the people. Secondary bar means placing those who have already developed the disease. The purpose is to halt the advancement. The whole population will be targeted. The end of the Diabetes Self Management Support Program ( DSMEP ) will be to authorise people in the community. It will be based on utilizing the hazard and wellness oriented attack to avoid post-complications of the diseases ( Deakin et al.,2005 ) .This plan will supply cognition, information and support for the development of necessary direction accomplishments. Patients can join forces with wellness professionals and wellness facilitators. All of the above will be accompanied by an consciousness plan. Life manner alterations and a supportive environment all through community bases will be emphasised. The premiss is that the right instruction programmes can assist people to cut down blood-pressure, organic structure weight, better quality of life and aid with their ain wellness intervention. If the wellness publicity program and showing are effectual, so the incidence of diabetes can be reduced ( Deakin et al. , 2005 ) . Existing spouses and cardinal stakeholders will besides be identified. These will be engaged in the plan. Different interest holders could be: Young Peoples in the UAE Residents with type 2 diabetes ; those with pre-diabetic conditions Established diabetes instruction and general programmes Doctors and Clinical Assistants and Nurses Health professionals from Diabetes Centres in the UAE Community wellness workers Other Local and National diabetes organisations Community leaders, and Schools UAE media ( telecasting, wireless, newspapers, cyberspace ) ( Scribd. ( n.d. ) . Other determiners of wellness: Thingss that can act upon wellness: Social factors – Age, sex, familial factors Personal factors – smoke, physical inaction, work A ; school emphasis Social and community factor- faith, household, equal group Housing A ; Living conditions – entree to wellness services, entree to leisure installations, regional location General economic, cultural and environmental conditions – Environment-good, friendly? Ad, Housing installations. Program Type: The plan will concentrate on the showing. Once patients have been identified, so they need to be advised approximately intervention every bit good as how to better wellness and the care of it. A focal point will be accomplishments constructing activities. Here life manner alteration, exercising and care of organic structure weight will be of import. The benefits of a healthy diet and abstention of smoke will besides be highlighted. If this goes down good, so the opportunities of developing diabetes type-2 will be minimized. Furthermore, the programme will learn those with diabetes how to pull off it. Structure and range of the plan Other self-care activities in the program will be: Healthy feeding wonts Physical exercising and activities Monitoring of blood sugar degrees Medicine: the pickings of it Possible Problems of the above self-care activities: Social norms: To hold an inactive life style in the UAE has about become an acceptable â€Å" societal norm † . Most people here spend their leisure clip as a sedentary 1. A batch of people merely go to the Malls, sit at place feeding and watching Television, or those who go to parks, travel at that place to sit and eat once more. Merely a few are serious about exercising in the Parkss or on the beach. Then there is the instance of people driving everyplace they go ; people barely walk to stores or other topographic points. Personal factors: In the instance of aged people, they might non be able to walk. Even younger people do non walk a batch or want to be driven someplace. Merely a few immature people play athleticss. External factors: The environmental factors can hold an consequence on the activity degree of people. If the Parkss, walking paths or the beaches are excessively far, so less people, immature and old, will non travel and exercising ( Sallis et al.,2006 ; Scribd. ( n.d. ) ) . Social interaction: Some people will be more active if they are in a group or with active, like-minded people. Young people will play easier as a portion of a squad than as an person. Program Timetable: A timetable with timeframes will be devised. Specific sections will hold to be drawn up viz. : Needs appraisal of people involved Screening plan of people Provision of self direction instruction for those with diabetes Follow up of plan Outcome Evaluation of plan Evaluation methods: ( Mulcahy et al. , 2003 ) In any plan, rating is really of import. This can be through studies and feedback based on specific inquiries: Is the testing procedure traveling as planned? Are all the stakeholders involved as set out at the planning phase? Is the plan participants ‘ representative of the mark audience? What is the degree of engagement? Has it decreased over clip? What are the budgetary costs? Can the plan be sustained? Outcome Evaluation: this refers to the appraisal of plan ends to find if noticeable alterations to behaviour, attitudes, or cognition have been attained as a consequence of the intercession ( Mulchay et al. , 2003 ) . Have participants achieved their self-identified duty ends ( e.g. , discontinuing baccy usage, eating less sugary things, taking a 10-20minute walk every twenty-four hours, specified taking stairss to cut down emphasis, practising proper unwritten wellness ) ? To what extent have participants improved on things such as weight, blood force per unit area, cholesterin, blood glucose degree? Make participants rate any or an betterment in their overall quality of life as a consequence of plan engagement? Challenges to Evaluation of the Plan: ( Green A ; Kreuter, 1999 ) The Cost Challenge: Plan rating can be dearly-won The Time Challenge: Evaluation demands clip The Expertise Challenge: Experts are needed to make an analysis of the informations collected Decision: From the scope of literature covering diabetes in the UAE, it is clear to see that there is a general concern about the disease of diabetes. It can be assumed that developing for self-management schemes in people with type-2 diabetes can be effectual in decelerating down complications. The value of a broad showing procedure for diabetes and pre-diabetic conditions for immature people can assist and help in the debilitating consequence the disease has on the UAE population. However, to implement this every bit good as a general wellness publicity program against diabetes will non be an easy one. The possibility exists that there can be several institutional, socioeconomic or political structural factors that could organize barriers to making so. This might be farther complicated by cultural and personal factors and beliefs. The proposed plan can be really successful when it can go portion of bing programs of a national conjunct attempt taking into history wellness policies and the eco nomic and political constructions of the UAE as a whole. 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Mining Dictionary Essay Example For Students

Mining Dictionary Essay Dictionary of Mining Engineering Nihat Alpin Mtevellioolu050990045-A-Adhesion : Holding surface together with an adhesiveAdvance : The work of excavating as mining forward in an entry and in drivingrooms; to extract all or part of an oreAgglomeration : A concentration process based on the adhesion of pulpparticles to water in ore benefactionAlloy : A substance having metallic properties and being composed of two ormore chemical elements of which at least one is an element of metalAmalgamation : The production of an amalgam or alloy of mercuryAnemometer : An instrument to measure the velocity of air Anomaly : A body, which is much different in geological and mineral content than the surrounding formationsAntimony: A trivalent and pentavalent metallic element which is rather softusually in metallic silvery white, crystalline Arches: A large building with a curved top over an opening, usually as amonument-B-Bagging : Flexible tubing for conducting compressed air, water, or steamsusuall y constructed from canvas and rubberBall mill : Mill which has balls inside that are used to crush big mineralsBallast : Broken limestone pieces to carry mine track within its sideBaryte : A sulphate of BariumBell conveyor : A moving belt that rides on rollers and used to carry coal orother materials to various locationsBench : A long seat; a strong on which mechanics prepare their workBentonite : A montmorillonite type clay formed by the alteration of volcanic ashBlasting : Break up and destroyBlind shaft : A small shaft driven between two galleriesBlister copper : An impure intermediate product in the refilling of copperBoundary : A line between areas of the earths surface occupied by rocks or formations of different type and different ageBrittle : A mineralogical term meaning not flexible and ductile-C-Cage : The cabin in the shaft to carry men, mine cars and materialsCave : A hollow place in earthCeramic : A class of inorganic, non-metallic products which are subjected to ahigh temperature during manufacture or in useClay : A fine-grained, natural, earthy material composed primarily of hydrous aluminium silicatesCombustible : A substance that can be easily set on fire or that readily takes fire and burnsCommunition : The breaking, crushing, or grinding of coal, ore, or rockConveying : Transporting by conveyors from the orebody to the shaftCopper : A reddish metallic element in group IB of the periodic tableCrushing : To reduce ore or quartz by stamps, crushers or rollsCut-off tenor : The lowest tenor for miningCutting machine : A power-driven machine used to undercut or shear the coal to facilitate its removal from the faceCyclone : Refers to the conical shapes apparatus used in dust collectingoperations-D-Dam : A bank or mound raised to keep backDebris : Rock fragments, sand, earth, and sometimes organic matter, in aheterogeneous mass, as at the foot of a cliffDetonation : An explosion or sudden report made by the inflammation of certaincombustible bodies Development : To open up a coal seam or orebody as by sinking shafts anddriving drifts, as well as installing the equipment neededDewatering : Removing water by pumping, drainage, or evaporationDilution : Mixing of ore with other material lowering the tenor of the oreDiscipline : Employee discipline implies subjection to authority or instructions given by a mine officialDragline : A type of excavating equipment which costs a rope-hung bucket, aconsiderable distance, collects the dug material by pulling the buckettoward itself on the ground with a second rope, elevates the bucketand dumps the material on a spoil bank, in a hopper, or on a pileDrilling : The act of process of making a circular hole with a drillDump : Combination of all waste materials which are uselessDust : Earth or other matter reduced to small particles which can easily be raisedand carried by airDynamite : An industrial explosive which is detonated by blasting caps. Theprinciple explosive equipment is nitro-glycer ine or specially sensitised ammonium nitrate-E-Earth : The solid matter of the globe in distinction from water and air; to theground; the firm land of the earths surfaceEfficiency : The ratio of work output to work inputEnvironment : The aggregate of all the surrounding conditions, influences, orforce affecting a locus sedimentationExcavation : Digging and removing soilExplore : To search, develop or prospect-F-Fault : Breaking plane of a vein or seam Fault line : The intersection of a fault surface or a fault plane with the surface of the earth or with any artificial surface of referenceFeldspar : One of a group of rock-farming minerals which includes microline,orthoclase, plagioclase and anorthoclaseFiltration : A process for separating solids from the liquidFiredamp : Mixture of methane and airFlint : A variety of quartz, a cryptocrystalline substance composed of silicaFlocculation : The gathering of suspended particles into aggregations-G-Gallery : An excavation carried from the shaft horizontally to reach the orebodyGateway : A gallery driven horizontally to follow a seam or a veinGeological reserve : An unknown reserve but the geological informationindicating the possibility of such reserveGrinding : Size reduction of ore and other materials into idatively fine particles-H-Hand picking : Manual removal of ore from the soilHaulage : Transportation of cars and miners horizontallyHeadframe : Steel or concrete tower to carry the hoisting forces Helmet : A covering which protects the head Hoisting : Lifting something upwards from the earthHumidity : The quantity of moisture in the airHydraulic Transport : Transportation of ore from the working places to theprocessing plant in pipes-I-Inclination : The angular depth of vein, bed and etc.; measure in degree fromthe horizontal planeIncline: A gallery driven from the surface downward to reach the orebody at aninclination of 10-30 degreesIsomorphism : The name given the phenomenon where two ro more minerals which are very similar in their chemical properties, crystallize in class of the same system of symmetry -J-Jigs : Devices which separates coal from foreign substances by the help of density using water Junctions : Combination; the act or operating of joining-L-Level : Galleries driven from the shaft at different elevationLocomotive : A car with an engine usually used to carry mine cars from oneplace to another on tracks-M-Magnetic separator : A machine which is used to separate magnetic mineralsfound in nonmagnetic substancesMalleable : Capable of being extended or shaped by beating with a hammer, forexample gold, silver etcMetal : The pure element of a mineral, mostly having special physical andelectrical propertiesMine : Location and installation, from which ore is extracted and a saleableproduct is obtainedMine car : A container holding the oreMineral : Any natural product having a chemical formula with proper physicalcharacteristics -O-Ore : A mass of valuable minerals from which a s aleable product can beobtainedOrebody : A solid with enormous mass of ore which looks like a big rockOutburst : The name applied to violent evolution of firedamp from working factOverflow : To come out in big mass-P-Panning : Washing earth or crushed rock in a pan by agitation with water toobtain the particles of greatest specific gravity in itParachute : A safety device to keep the cage or skip in the shaft in case of ropebreakingPelleziting : A method in which finely divided material is rolled in a drum or inan inclined disk so that theparticles cling together and roll up intosmall spherical pelletsPillar : The area of coal or ore left to support thte overlying strata or hangingwall in a minePolymorphism : The property of presenting many forms, especially incrystallography the ability of certain substances to crystallizewith different ratios without changing chemical properties Possible reserve : An orebody determined in one dimension. Mostly depthPotential reserve : A proven rese rve but not economic under the prevailingconditionsPower plants : Buildings that are producing electrical powerProbable reverse : An orebody determined in two dimensions; length, width.The depth isnt fully determinedProfit : The money earned when you subscribe lost money from total earningsProven reserve : A visible reserve on which the tonnage, tennor, mineralogical investigation have been compiledPulp density : The amount of valid in a pulp ranging from 10 to 25 percent byweight in flotation-R-Railroad : The road or steel bars which carry mine carsRaise : A gallery driven upward to make connection with the upper levelRamp : A gallery of small inclination in spiral formRecovery : The percentage of the recovered metal versus the total metal content of the oreRefrigeration : Cooling of air before it gets more hotRegulator : A sliding door opening to regulate the amount of airReservoir : A natural underground container of liquids, such as all or water and gasesRetreating longwall : Fi rst driving haulage road and airways to the boundary ofa track of coal and then mining it in a single face withoutpillars back and toward the shaftRoadway : An underground platformRock : Naturally formed matter that is a part of the earths crustRoof bolts : Long steel bolts driven into walls or roof of undergroundexcavations to strengthen the pinning of rock strataRope : A bunch of steel wires wound to carry the cage and the skip-S-Seam : Bed of coal or other mineral generally applied to large deposits of coalSelective mining : A method of mining whereby ore of unwarranted high valueis mined in such manner as to make the low grade ore left inthe mine incapable of future profitable extractionShaft : Excavation usually carried vertically to reach lowest position of orebodyShaking table : A table which eliminate the reduction by their densityShovel : An instrument used for lifting earth or other loose substancesSkip : A large container to carry the ore to the surface inside the shaftSl ime table : A table for the treatment of slime; a buddleSlury : A suspension in a liquid especially water of a solidSpraying : The application of enamel slip or glaze to surface by using spraygunStope : Place where ore production is made Stowing : The material brought from the surface or from other part of the mineto replace the ore taken outStripping : An excavation with power shovels in which the coal seams are laidbore by stripping of the surface soil and rock strataStrontium : A bivalent metallic element in group II of the periodic system-T-Tailings : The parts, or a part, of any incoherent or fluid material separated asrefuse, or fluid material separated as refuse, or separately treated asinferior in qualityTenor : The percentage of the valuable element in the reserveTie : Wooden or steel pieces on which the rails are placedTool grinder : One who grinds the cutting tools for stone working planers andclothes in stonework industryTrack : The system composed of rails, ties and bal last on which the mine carare rolled-V-Vein : A zone or belt of mineralised rock lying within boundaries clearlyseparating it from neighbouring rockVentilator : A mechanical apparatus for producing a current of air in underground as a blowing or exhaust fanVentube : Flexible pipe which is used to convey the air blowing from a ventilatorVisible reserve : An orebody determined in all dimensions; depth, length, width,thickness-W-Wet cutting : A method of dust prevention in which water is delivered onto themoving cutter chain, through water pipes and is carried into the cutwhere it is intimately mixed with the cuttingsWet drilling : Drill by using the pressure of water which is good for pretendingdustWinder : An electrically driven winding engine for hoisting a cage or cages upvertically in a mine shaftWinding : Vertical transport through the shaftWinze : A gallery driven downward to make connection to the lower level Sentences with the words used in the dictionary including mining re lated terms -A-Adhesion : 1) Adhesion is the work of holding surface 2) In adhesion the effect is produced by forces between molecules3) Shearing resistance between soil and another material under zerois called adhesionAdvance : 1) To advance galleries either drilling, blasting or mechanicalexcavation method can be used2) Role of advancing is very important in order to reach orebody 3) Mechanical gallery advancing is the most effective way in long distanced galleries Agglomeration : 1) Agglomeration is a kind of a concentration process2) Agglomeration also refers to briquetting, nodulizing, sintering, etc. 3) Agglomeration is based on adhesion of pulp particles towaterAlloy : 1) An alloy may be a compound of the metals 2) An alloy may be a solid mixture of the metals 3) An alloy may be a heterogeneouse mixtureAmalgation : 1) Gold is treated with mercury in order to obtain amalgam on thesurface2) Amalgation process for gold is done to mix gold with mercury3) The process by which mercury is alloyed with some other metalis called amalgationAnemometer : 1) Speed of wind and other moving gases are measured using an anemometer 2) Anemometer consists of a small fan from 7.6 to 15.2 cm in diameter that is rotated by the air current 3) Anemometer is held in the mine airway for the exact number of minutes Anomaly : 1) Drilling for economic mineral deposits might be conducted in the area of a geophysical anomaly2) In seismic usage anomaly is generally synonymous withsubsurface structure 3) A crystallographic anomaly is the lack of agreement between theapparent external symmetry of a crystal an d the observed opticalpropertiesAntimony : 1) Antimony is extracted from ore by roasting the ore and reducingwith carbon 2) Antimony expands on solidifying 3) Antimony can be found in element, oxide and sulphide formsArches : 1) Steel arches are used to support galleries 2) The steel arches are needed to carry forces applied by rocks 3) Supporting galleries with steel arches reduces the accident rate-B-Ball mill : 1) Ball mill is a type of a crusher which has balls inside2) In order to crush big substances ball mills are used3) Crushed particles of a given size range are placed in a ball millBallast : 1) In railways ballast are used to support rails2) Putting ballast under wooden ties is very important in rail laying3) Broken rock pieces used in railways are called ballastBaryte : 1) Natural barium oxide (BaSO4) is called baryte2) Baryte is also used in medical industry in X-ray diagnosis3) Baryte is usually found in a white crystalline powder formBell conveyor : 1) Bell conveyor i s used in the transportation of materials insidemines factories 2) Bell conveyors are the most efficient and cheapest way oftransport 3) Bell conveyors work with an angle between 0-17 degreesBench : 1) Mechanics prepare their work on benches2) Benhes are a type of seats which are strong and long3) Place where mechanics prepare their work is called benchBentonite : 1) Bentonite is a clay called material similar to fullers earth2) Bentonite is formed by the alternation of volcanic ash3) Bentonite is used to absorb oil and greaseBlasting : 1) Blasting is a method used in advancing2) In blasting method different types of explosives are used3) ANFO ( Amonium nitrate 94% + Fuel 6% ) is often used in blastingBlind shaft : 1) Blind shaft is a kind of a shaft2) Blind shaft is used between two levels3) By enlarging a vertical drillhole blind shaft can be madeBlister copper : 1) Blister copper is produced by blowing copper matte in aconverter2) Blistered copper ore is a reniform variety of c halcopyrite 3) The blister of copper are formed by gas escaping fromwithin copper Boundary : 1) Films of one constituent of an alloy surrounding the crystals ofanother are called boundary films2) A map created for the purpose of delineating a boundary line and the adjacent territory are called boundary maps3) A major fault with a considerable displacemen is called boundary faultBrittle : 1) The quality of a material that leads to crack propagation withoutappreciable plastic deformation is called brittle2) Chloritoid, basic silicate of aluminum, iron, and magnesium are some of the micas having brittle laminae 3) A nonductile material that fails catastrophically under dynamic loadingis called a brittle material -C-Cage : 1) Cages usually designed to take one or two cars per deck2) There is a guide found to prevent cages from swinging and colliding3) There is short prop or catch on which cage standsCave : 1) Collapse of the walls on root of a mine is called cave-in 2) A person whose h obby is to explore caves is a caver3) A compact bended deposit of calcite or araginot ( cave marble ) can be found in cavesCeramic : 1) Ceramic is any of a class of inorganic, nonmetallic products thatare subjected to a high temperature during manufacture or use 2) The work of ceramics is the pertaining to products or industriesinvolving the use of clay or other silicatesClay : 1) Kaolinite and china clay are good examples of clay 2) Clay is a calss of complex silicate 3) Clay seam or gauge found along the sides of veins are called clay courseCombustible : 1) Combustible gasess form a layer under the roof of a mineroadway2) Combustible gases in mines are very dangerous and need to taken out3) Methane is an example of combustible gasesCommunition : 1) To obtain proper material size for machinery is purpose ofcommunition 2) To prepare material for marketing is a purpose ofcommunition 3) To provide a certain degree of liberation is a purpose ofcommunition Conveying : 1) There are two t ypes of conveying ; hydraulic, pneumaticconveying 2) Conveying is done by the help of compressed water or air Copper : 1) Copper is used in steam boilers, eletric wire and in numerous alloys 2) Copper is the best conductor of electricity after silver3) Copper is a free metal and unaffected by water or steamCrushing : 1) In crushing process Roll, Cone, Impact and other cruchers areused2) Crushing is a step in communition3) Plant mills in mineral processing are also used in crushing Cutting machine : 1) A machine powered by compressed air or electricity thatdrives a cutting chain or other device is called cutting machine 2) Coal-cutting machine that is an adaptation of a shortwallmachine 3) An undercutting machine electrically driven cuttingmachine used to make a cut about 3.0 m deep near thebottom of a coalbedCyclone : 1) Cyclones are the conical shaped apparatus used in dust collectingoperations and fine grinding applications 2) In principle, the cyclone varies the speed of air 3) T here are two types of cyclones; wet, hydraulic cyclone-D-Dam : 1) Dam in needed to keep foul air or water, from mine workings 2) Dam can also isolate underground workings that are on fire 3) In a blast furnace the cast-iron plate supports the dam Debris : 1) A dirt -filled bag used for pack walls and chocks is called debris bag 2) Debris consists of rock fragments, soil material, and sometimes organic matterDetonation : 1) Simply detonation is an explosive decomposition or explosivecombustion reaction 2) There is pressure produced in the reaction zone of a detonation 3) Devices are used prevent a detonation initiatedDevelopment : 1) Development is an intermediate stage between exploration and mining 2) Work to reach orebody is termed as development Dewatering : 1) The mechanical separation of a mixture of coal and water intotwo parts is a kind of dewatering 2) A settling tank for clarifying washer circulating water is used indewatering 3) A screen is used in dewatering for the sep aration of water fromsolidsDilution : 1) The contamination of ore with barren wall rock in stoping is calleddilution2) The mixture of ore other substances in which grade is lowered is termed as dilution Discipline : 1) An engineer must be well disciplined2) The mining engineering is the most disciplined profession afterthe military3) Discipline is needed in order to protect the orders given inworking chain Dragline : 1) A crane boom used with a drag bucket is dragline boom2) An excavation system involving a dragline ; other draglineequipments is called dragline dredge 3) Operator of a scraper loading machine, known as a dragline iscalled drag loader Drilling : 1) Wet drilling is one of the methods used in dust remedy 2) The diamond, rotary, percussion drillings are usen in mining operations 3) The drill holes are source of information which give lithology, water conditions, samples Dump : 1) Dump is the point where a face conveyor discharges its coal into minecars2) Trucks in surfac e mining and shuttle cars in underground mining is atype of dump equipment 3) A chain grabhook having a lever attachment for releasing it is used asa dumb equipment Dust : 1) Dust level in a must be kept under 0.2 microns2) To avoid from dust diseases workers must use masks3) Spraying and suction machines can be helpful in order to protectworkers from dust Dynamite : 1) Compositions that contain significant amounts of nitroglycerin butarent detonable and considered to be dynamite2) The basic ingredient of dynamite is nitroglycerin3) Dynamite is the most known used explosive -E-Efficiency : 1) The ratio of work output to work input is calculated by efficiency engineers2) The weight of material correctly placed above or below thereference size, expressed as a percentage of the weight ofcorresponding material in the feed is the efficiency of sizing3) The efficieny of airway is which the combined capital andoperating cost is minimalEnvironment : 1) An evaluation of enviroment and condi tions at a particularfacility or site is called enviromental audit 2) An analysis of enviroment which may involve baseline environmental analyses and data gathered with regard to zoological, botanical, geologic, and economic factors3) In mining sector enviroment conditions play an important role Excavation : 1) Excavation includes digging, blasting, breaking, loading, andhauling, either at the surface or underground 2) The grab, skimmer, trencher, rotary digger, bucket wheel, andgrader are variants of excavation machines 3) Cableway fitted with a bucket suitably designed for excavationExplore : 1) Exploration is the first and main step of mining operations 2) Persons who works in exploring business is called prospectors 3) Exploration and evaluation process are related with each other -F-Fault : 1) In coal mining, a sudden thinning or disappearance of a coal seam iscalled fault 2) A fracture or a fracture zone in crustal rocks along which there hasbeen displacement of the two side s relative to one another parallel tothe fracture is named fault 3) Various descriptive names have been given to different kinds of faultsFault line : 1) An escarpment that is the result of differential erosion along a faultline is scarp2) Usually a straight valley follows the fault line 3) East face of the Sierra Nevada in California is na example of faultline scarpFeldspar : 1) The general formula of feldspar is XY4 O8 where X can beBa,Ca,K,Na,NH4 and Y can be Al,B,Si 2) Constituting 60% of the Earths crust, feldspar occurs in all rocktypes 3) There is a washbox to clean small coal, in which the pulsating wateris made to pass through a layer of graded material such as feldspar Filtration : 1) Filter loss and cake thickness constitute the determining factorsof filtration qualities2) The process of filtration is activated by suction or pressure, and commonly includes filter aids3) The products of filtration are clear liquid and a filter cakeFiredamp : 1) A stone, brick, or concrete airtight stopping to isolate anunderground fire is called firedamp 2) Firedamp play an important role in underground fire3) Firedamp prevent the inflow of fresh air and the outflow of foulairFlint : 1) Lots of devices, formerly used to provide light for miners at workusing flint 2) A smooth, flint like refractory clay rock is named flint-clay 3) Dark gray or black variety of chert is known as flintFlocculation : 1) Adding an electrolyte to suspension is the main step offlocculation 2) Agents of flocculation usually consist of long chain polymers,both natural and synthetic 3) The joining of soil colloids into a small group of soil particles,or the deposition or settling out of suspension of clay particlesin salt water are examples of flocculation-G-Gallery : 1) Galleries are horizontal or nearly horizontal underground passages 2) A subsidiary passage in a cave at a higher level than the mainpassage can be called gallery Gateway : 1) A road or way underground for air, water, or gene ral passage iscalled gateway 2) Gateway is also called gate road, main brow, trail roadGrinding : 1) There are two types of grinding; wet, dry grinding2) An additive (aid) to the charge in a ball mill or rod mill toaccelerate the grinding process 3) There are three main types of grinding mills; ball, rod, and tubemills-H-Hand picking : 1) In hand picking method up to 30% of waste rock is removed 2) In hand picking method removal of wastes take lots of time 3) In some mines hand picking method is used to collect coal Haulage : 1) In haulage cars are for surface or mine shaft operations and used tocarry ore and equipment to and from the digging site 2) In the early days chains were used in haulage in and around mines 3) A worker fully employed on the haulage system in a mine is calledhaulage handHeadframe : 1) Headframe is also called gallows frame, hoist frame, headstocks 2) Headframe includes all the raised structure around the shaft thatis used for loading and unloading cages 3) H eadframe is found at the top part of the shaftHelmet : 1) There are lamps connected to helmets 2) Helmets are the main safety devices in mines Hoisting : 1) The section of a mine shaft used for hoisting the mineral to thesurface is called hoistling compartment 2) Winding in a mine is a kind of hoisting 3) The capacity of the hoisting mechanism on a drill machine in termsof kilograms, tons is named hoisting powderHumidity : 1) The water-vapor content of the atmosphere is called humidity2) Humidity can be expressed as the mass of water per unit and percentage, ratio 3) There are two types of humidity; absolute, relative humidityHydraulic Transport : 1) Hydraulic transport includes hydraulic hoisting2) Long distance pipeline used for hydraulic transport ofcoal, gilsonite, copper concentrates and similarmaterials 3) Hydraulic transport is a continious tranport system which is especially used in large coal mines -I-Inclination : 1) Inclinator is the instrument to determine the inclinat ion of themagnetic field 2) As the maximum angle is approached in inclination, the rate ofhandling of bulk material is usually decreased 3)Declination and inclination are similar to each other Incline: 1) An incline shaft sunk at an inclination from the vertical, usuallyfollowing the dip of a lode 2) Plane, whether above or beneath the surface is incline ( slope)Isomorphism : 1) Carbonate minerals of the aragonite group are good exampleof isomorphous minerals 2) Having similar crystalline form is called isomorphism -J-Jigs : 1) Self-acting inclined track used to lower filled coal tubs and raise emptyis called jig brow 2) In jigs the difference in specific gravity, in a pulsating water medium areused 3) A pin is used in jigs to prevent the turning of the turn beamsJunctions : 1) In ventilation surveys, where three or more airways meet is calledjunction 2) The union of two lodes is a junction3) Junction is the point where two or more passageways intersecthorizontally or vertically-L-L evel : 1) Levels are commonly spaced at regular depth intervals and are eithernumbered from the surface or designated by their elevation below thetop of the shaft 2) In pitch mining, there may be a number of levels driven from the sameshaft, each being known by its depth from the surface or by the nameof the bed or seam in which it is driven 3) In speleology, a series of related passageways in a cave, occurring atthe same relative, vertical position is called levelLocomotive : 1) The locomotive may be powered by battery, diesel, compressed air 2) Locomotive are used to move empty and loaded mine cars inand out of the mine-M-Magnetic separator : 1) The crushed material is conveyed on a belt past amagnet and separated by magnetic separator2) In magnetic separator the difference of magnetism ofsubstances are used for separation 3) Magnetic separator is very important in the process ofbeneficiation of iron ore Malleable : 1) Copper and gold are mallable minerals 2) Minerals are malleab le when slices cut from them may beflattened out under a hammer 3) Mineral which can be plastically deformed under compressivestress is mallableMetal : 1) Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity 2) Metals are malleable and ductile, possesses high melting and boilingpoints, and tends to form positive ions in chemical compoundsMine : 1) There are severel kinds of mines such as ore, metal, or coal 2) The term mine is applied to underground workings having a roof ofundisturbed rock 3) The terms mine and coal mine are intended to signify any and all partsof the property of a mining plant, either on the surface or undergroundMine car : 1) There are six types of mine cars; The solid or box type, rollerdump type, gable bottom car, the Grandy car, bottom dump carand end dump car 2) Mine cars are loaded at production points and hauled to the pitbottom or surface in a train by locomotives or other powerMineral : 1) Any natural resource extracted from the earth for human use iscalle d mineral 2) Ores, salts, coal, or petroleum are some examples of minerals 3) In flotation, valuable mineral constituents of ore as opposed togangue minerals-O-Ore : 1) The term ores is sometimes applied collectively to opaque accessoryminerals2) Zone of rock rich in ore is called ore bandOrebody : 1) Values of ore body is found by evaluation process 2) Exploration is donr to locate orebodyOutburst : 1) The occurrence of outburst is violent and may overwhelm theworkings and fill the entire district with gaseous mixtures 2) Floor burst is a type of outburst generally occurring in longwallfaces and preceded by heavy weighting due to floor liftOverflow : 1) A system fitted to a drag suction hopper dredge which dispersesentrained gases from the overflow in a settling tank and dischargesthe degassed overflow below the surface is called antiturbitiyoverflow system-P-Panning : 1) Panning is a technique of prospecting for heavy metals 2) In panning the lighter fractions are washed away, lea ving the heavymetals behind 3) Panning process is for heavy metals such as gold, etc. Eva Luna EssayParachute : 1) Parachute is a safety device used in shafts 2) In the case of rope breakage parachute reduces the velocity offall 3) Parachutes can be installed to shaftsPelleziting : 1) Pelletizing is a step in agglomeration processPillar : 1) Pillars are normally left permanently to support the surface or to keepold workings water tight 2) The area of the shaft pillar is considerably greater than the surface arearequiring protection 3) Any large pillar entirely or relatively unbroken by roadways or airwaysthat is left around a property to protect it against water is called barrierpillarPolymorphism : 1) Polymorphism limited to two or three crystal classes isdimorphism or trimorphism 2) To crystallize in more than one crystal class is calledpolymorphism 3) Graphite, diamond, chaoite, and lonsdaleite are examples ofpolymorphious elementsPower plants : 1) Power plants produce energy for mine ; other facilities 2) Any device or machine which converts energy into some form of useful power, such as mechanical or electric power is called power plantProfit : 1) The ratio of profit is important in order to operate the mine 2) Simply profit is the money gained from a businessPulp density : 1) Pulp density is used in mineral processing 2) Pulp density has a marked effect on the recovery and grade ofconcentrate 3) if 5 cm3 of pulp weighs 15 g, then the pulp density is 3 g/cm3 -R-Railroad : 1) Usually railroads are used for transportation in mines2) Mine cars are carried by railroad3) Railroad is made of rails which form a trackRaise : 1) Raise climber is an equipment used in an opening 2) Excavating a shaft or steep tunnel upward is the process of raise 3) The connection of two level may be a winze or a raiseRamp : 1) An incline connecting two levels in an open pit or underground mineis called ramp 2) Ramp is a portion of a thrust fault that cuts across formationalcontacts in a short distanceRecovery : 1) A plant designed for separating diamond parti cles fromconcentrate by various processes is a recovery plant2) Recovery is a measure of mining or extraction efficiency. 3) Recovery is the percentage of valuable constituent derived froman oreRefrigeration : 1) A surface plant to form the protective barrier of frozenground in the freezing method of shaft sinking is calledrefrigeration plant 2) Refrigeration is in special application to mining, cooling of airbefore release in lowest levels of deep, hot mine 3) The process of absorption of heat from one location and itstransfer to and rejection at another place is called refrigerationRegulator : 1) Regulator is a ventilating device 2) Regulators are usually set in doors as adjustable, slidingpartitions that can be varied to the desired opening 3) Where possible, regulators are located on the exhaust side of asplit to minimize interference with trafficRoadway : 1) Roadway is an underground drivage2) Roadway is not steeply inclined3) Roadway may form part of longwall or bord-and-pilla r workings Rock : 1) An aggregate of one or more minerals is called rock2) Granite, shale, marble are examples of rock 3) In geology, the material that forms the essential part of the Earths solidcrust is names as rockRoof bolts : 1) Roof bolting consists of steel rods 2) A long steel bolt inserted into walls or roof of underground iscalled roof bolt 3) A steel plate, sometimes in combination with wooden headers orsteel straps are used in roof boltsRope : 1) The rope should be inspected daily, weekly 2) The life of rope is maximum two years3) In a rope there are six or more strands-S-Seam : 1) Seam is generally applied to large deposits of coal 2) A thin layer or stratum of rock separating two distinctive layers of different composition or greater magnitude is also called seam 3) A seam in a coalbed is at which the different layers of coal are easilyseparated Selective mining : 1) The object of selective mining is to obtain a relatively high- grade mine product 2) In general, select ive mining methods are applicable wherethe valuable sections of the deposit are rather large,comparatively few in number, and separated by relativelylarge volumes of waste 3) In coal mining, selective methods may be dictated bymarket demands and pricesShaft : 1) A shaft is provided with a hoisting engine at the top for handlingworkers, rock, and supplies 2) Shaft may be used only in connection with pumping or ventilating operations 3) A specially armored cable of great mechanical strength is used in theshaftShaking table : 1) In shaking table lateral shaking motion is given by means of asmall crank or an eccentric 2) Shaking table is shaken rapidly in a compounded to-and-fromotion by a vibrator 3) In ore dressing, flattish tables oscillated horizontally duringseparation of minerals fed onto shaking tablesShovel : 1) Shovel is any bucket equipped machine used for digging and loadingearthy or fragmented rock materials2) There are two types of shovels, the square-point and the round-po int3) Shovels are available with either long or short handlesSkip : 1) The skip is mounted within a carrying framework2) There is a bucket used for containing the material conveyed by a skip 3) Skip can also be adapted for personel ridingSlime table : 1) Slime table is used for the treatment of slime2) Slime table is an equipment used in slimingSpraying : 1) Spraying is a kind of remedy against dust 2) The spraying machine is mounted on wheels and operated bycompressed air 3) Spraying may be used for limewashing Stope : 1) A stope is the very antithesis of a shaft, tunnel, drift, winze, or othersimilar excavation in a mine 2) Stope, a room which is a wide working place in a flat mineStowing : 1) Stowing is a method of mining in which all the material of the vein isremoved 2) In stowing the waste is packed into the space left by the workingStrontium : 1) Strontium is found as celestite (SrSO4 ) and strontianite (SrCO3 )2) Strontium is majorly is used for color television picture 3 ) Strontium is a silvery white, alkaline earth metal-T-Tailings : 1) Tailings are used in washing,concentration, treatment of ground ore 2) Tailings machine is for sifting the tailings Tenor : 1) Tenor ( grade ) is a coal classification based on degree of purity 2) The relative quantity or the percentage of ore-mineral or metal content in an orebody is termes as tenor 3) Tenor is the classification of an ore according to the desired or worthless material in it or according to valueTie : 1) Ties are one of the transverse supports to which railroad rails arefastened to keep them to line, gauge, and grade2) Ties are made of either steel or woodTrack : 1) Track cable is a steel wire rope, usually a locked-coil rope thatsupports the wheels of mine cars 2) All railroad system and equipments in a mine is called track -V-Vein : 1) A mineral deposit, usually steeply inclined can be called vein 2) Also a narroy water way or a stream of water flowing in such a channelis a veinVentilator : 1) Ven tilators are a mechanical apparatus for producing a current ofair underground 2) Blowing or exhaust fan are some examples of ventilators 3) A small fan installed underground for ventilating coal faces orhard rock headings are called ventilation fans ( ventilators)Ventube : 1) Ventubes are made of steel, fiberglass, or coated fabric with thinwalls that can be easily connected2) Ventubes are used in mine ventilation to lead air wherever it isneeded -W-Wet cutting : 1) Wet cutting is a method of dust prevention 2) Wet cutting method is successful in seams up to1.22 m thick 3) In wet cutting water is delivered onto a moving cutter chain,through water pipes, and is carried into the cut where it isintimately mixed with the cuttingsWet drilling : 1) Wet drilling is needed to allay dust and danger ofpneumoconiosis 2) In rock drilling for blasting purposes, injection of water througha hollow drill is used and termes as wet drillingWinder : 1) Winder brake is an appliance or piece of equipme nt capable ofretarding or stopping cages in a shaft in an emergency 2) An electrically driven winding engine for hoisting a cage or cages up a vertical mine shaft is called winderWinding : 1) The operation of hoisting coal, ore, miners, or materials in a shaftis called winding 2) The machinery and equipment used to lower and raise loadsthrough a shaft are winding apparatusWinze : 1) When one is standing at the top of a completed connection theopening is referred to as a winze 2) A vertical opening driven downward connecting two levels in a mineis called winze3) Winze is a connection between two levels

Mining Dictionary Essay Example For Students

Mining Dictionary Essay Dictionary of Mining Engineering Nihat Alpin Mtevellioolu050990045-A-Adhesion : Holding surface together with an adhesiveAdvance : The work of excavating as mining forward in an entry and in drivingrooms; to extract all or part of an oreAgglomeration : A concentration process based on the adhesion of pulpparticles to water in ore benefactionAlloy : A substance having metallic properties and being composed of two ormore chemical elements of which at least one is an element of metalAmalgamation : The production of an amalgam or alloy of mercuryAnemometer : An instrument to measure the velocity of air Anomaly : A body, which is much different in geological and mineral content than the surrounding formationsAntimony: A trivalent and pentavalent metallic element which is rather softusually in metallic silvery white, crystalline Arches: A large building with a curved top over an opening, usually as amonument-B-Bagging : Flexible tubing for conducting compressed air, water, or steamsusuall y constructed from canvas and rubberBall mill : Mill which has balls inside that are used to crush big mineralsBallast : Broken limestone pieces to carry mine track within its sideBaryte : A sulphate of BariumBell conveyor : A moving belt that rides on rollers and used to carry coal orother materials to various locationsBench : A long seat; a strong on which mechanics prepare their workBentonite : A montmorillonite type clay formed by the alteration of volcanic ashBlasting : Break up and destroyBlind shaft : A small shaft driven between two galleriesBlister copper : An impure intermediate product in the refilling of copperBoundary : A line between areas of the earths surface occupied by rocks or formations of different type and different ageBrittle : A mineralogical term meaning not flexible and ductile-C-Cage : The cabin in the shaft to carry men, mine cars and materialsCave : A hollow place in earthCeramic : A class of inorganic, non-metallic products which are subjected to ahigh temperature during manufacture or in useClay : A fine-grained, natural, earthy material composed primarily of hydrous aluminium silicatesCombustible : A substance that can be easily set on fire or that readily takes fire and burnsCommunition : The breaking, crushing, or grinding of coal, ore, or rockConveying : Transporting by conveyors from the orebody to the shaftCopper : A reddish metallic element in group IB of the periodic tableCrushing : To reduce ore or quartz by stamps, crushers or rollsCut-off tenor : The lowest tenor for miningCutting machine : A power-driven machine used to undercut or shear the coal to facilitate its removal from the faceCyclone : Refers to the conical shapes apparatus used in dust collectingoperations-D-Dam : A bank or mound raised to keep backDebris : Rock fragments, sand, earth, and sometimes organic matter, in aheterogeneous mass, as at the foot of a cliffDetonation : An explosion or sudden report made by the inflammation of certaincombustible bodies Development : To open up a coal seam or orebody as by sinking shafts anddriving drifts, as well as installing the equipment neededDewatering : Removing water by pumping, drainage, or evaporationDilution : Mixing of ore with other material lowering the tenor of the oreDiscipline : Employee discipline implies subjection to authority or instructions given by a mine officialDragline : A type of excavating equipment which costs a rope-hung bucket, aconsiderable distance, collects the dug material by pulling the buckettoward itself on the ground with a second rope, elevates the bucketand dumps the material on a spoil bank, in a hopper, or on a pileDrilling : The act of process of making a circular hole with a drillDump : Combination of all waste materials which are uselessDust : Earth or other matter reduced to small particles which can easily be raisedand carried by airDynamite : An industrial explosive which is detonated by blasting caps. Theprinciple explosive equipment is nitro-glycer ine or specially sensitised ammonium nitrate-E-Earth : The solid matter of the globe in distinction from water and air; to theground; the firm land of the earths surfaceEfficiency : The ratio of work output to work inputEnvironment : The aggregate of all the surrounding conditions, influences, orforce affecting a locus sedimentationExcavation : Digging and removing soilExplore : To search, develop or prospect-F-Fault : Breaking plane of a vein or seam Fault line : The intersection of a fault surface or a fault plane with the surface of the earth or with any artificial surface of referenceFeldspar : One of a group of rock-farming minerals which includes microline,orthoclase, plagioclase and anorthoclaseFiltration : A process for separating solids from the liquidFiredamp : Mixture of methane and airFlint : A variety of quartz, a cryptocrystalline substance composed of silicaFlocculation : The gathering of suspended particles into aggregations-G-Gallery : An excavation carried from the shaft horizontally to reach the orebodyGateway : A gallery driven horizontally to follow a seam or a veinGeological reserve : An unknown reserve but the geological informationindicating the possibility of such reserveGrinding : Size reduction of ore and other materials into idatively fine particles-H-Hand picking : Manual removal of ore from the soilHaulage : Transportation of cars and miners horizontallyHeadframe : Steel or concrete tower to carry the hoisting forces Helmet : A covering which protects the head Hoisting : Lifting something upwards from the earthHumidity : The quantity of moisture in the airHydraulic Transport : Transportation of ore from the working places to theprocessing plant in pipes-I-Inclination : The angular depth of vein, bed and etc.; measure in degree fromthe horizontal planeIncline: A gallery driven from the surface downward to reach the orebody at aninclination of 10-30 degreesIsomorphism : The name given the phenomenon where two ro more minerals which are very similar in their chemical properties, crystallize in class of the same system of symmetry -J-Jigs : Devices which separates coal from foreign substances by the help of density using water Junctions : Combination; the act or operating of joining-L-Level : Galleries driven from the shaft at different elevationLocomotive : A car with an engine usually used to carry mine cars from oneplace to another on tracks-M-Magnetic separator : A machine which is used to separate magnetic mineralsfound in nonmagnetic substancesMalleable : Capable of being extended or shaped by beating with a hammer, forexample gold, silver etcMetal : The pure element of a mineral, mostly having special physical andelectrical propertiesMine : Location and installation, from which ore is extracted and a saleableproduct is obtainedMine car : A container holding the oreMineral : Any natural product having a chemical formula with proper physicalcharacteristics -O-Ore : A mass of valuable minerals from which a s aleable product can beobtainedOrebody : A solid with enormous mass of ore which looks like a big rockOutburst : The name applied to violent evolution of firedamp from working factOverflow : To come out in big mass-P-Panning : Washing earth or crushed rock in a pan by agitation with water toobtain the particles of greatest specific gravity in itParachute : A safety device to keep the cage or skip in the shaft in case of ropebreakingPelleziting : A method in which finely divided material is rolled in a drum or inan inclined disk so that theparticles cling together and roll up intosmall spherical pelletsPillar : The area of coal or ore left to support thte overlying strata or hangingwall in a minePolymorphism : The property of presenting many forms, especially incrystallography the ability of certain substances to crystallizewith different ratios without changing chemical properties Possible reserve : An orebody determined in one dimension. Mostly depthPotential reserve : A proven rese rve but not economic under the prevailingconditionsPower plants : Buildings that are producing electrical powerProbable reverse : An orebody determined in two dimensions; length, width.The depth isnt fully determinedProfit : The money earned when you subscribe lost money from total earningsProven reserve : A visible reserve on which the tonnage, tennor, mineralogical investigation have been compiledPulp density : The amount of valid in a pulp ranging from 10 to 25 percent byweight in flotation-R-Railroad : The road or steel bars which carry mine carsRaise : A gallery driven upward to make connection with the upper levelRamp : A gallery of small inclination in spiral formRecovery : The percentage of the recovered metal versus the total metal content of the oreRefrigeration : Cooling of air before it gets more hotRegulator : A sliding door opening to regulate the amount of airReservoir : A natural underground container of liquids, such as all or water and gasesRetreating longwall : Fi rst driving haulage road and airways to the boundary ofa track of coal and then mining it in a single face withoutpillars back and toward the shaftRoadway : An underground platformRock : Naturally formed matter that is a part of the earths crustRoof bolts : Long steel bolts driven into walls or roof of undergroundexcavations to strengthen the pinning of rock strataRope : A bunch of steel wires wound to carry the cage and the skip-S-Seam : Bed of coal or other mineral generally applied to large deposits of coalSelective mining : A method of mining whereby ore of unwarranted high valueis mined in such manner as to make the low grade ore left inthe mine incapable of future profitable extractionShaft : Excavation usually carried vertically to reach lowest position of orebodyShaking table : A table which eliminate the reduction by their densityShovel : An instrument used for lifting earth or other loose substancesSkip : A large container to carry the ore to the surface inside the shaftSl ime table : A table for the treatment of slime; a buddleSlury : A suspension in a liquid especially water of a solidSpraying : The application of enamel slip or glaze to surface by using spraygunStope : Place where ore production is made Stowing : The material brought from the surface or from other part of the mineto replace the ore taken outStripping : An excavation with power shovels in which the coal seams are laidbore by stripping of the surface soil and rock strataStrontium : A bivalent metallic element in group II of the periodic system-T-Tailings : The parts, or a part, of any incoherent or fluid material separated asrefuse, or fluid material separated as refuse, or separately treated asinferior in qualityTenor : The percentage of the valuable element in the reserveTie : Wooden or steel pieces on which the rails are placedTool grinder : One who grinds the cutting tools for stone working planers andclothes in stonework industryTrack : The system composed of rails, ties and bal last on which the mine carare rolled-V-Vein : A zone or belt of mineralised rock lying within boundaries clearlyseparating it from neighbouring rockVentilator : A mechanical apparatus for producing a current of air in underground as a blowing or exhaust fanVentube : Flexible pipe which is used to convey the air blowing from a ventilatorVisible reserve : An orebody determined in all dimensions; depth, length, width,thickness-W-Wet cutting : A method of dust prevention in which water is delivered onto themoving cutter chain, through water pipes and is carried into the cutwhere it is intimately mixed with the cuttingsWet drilling : Drill by using the pressure of water which is good for pretendingdustWinder : An electrically driven winding engine for hoisting a cage or cages upvertically in a mine shaftWinding : Vertical transport through the shaftWinze : A gallery driven downward to make connection to the lower level Sentences with the words used in the dictionary including mining re lated terms -A-Adhesion : 1) Adhesion is the work of holding surface 2) In adhesion the effect is produced by forces between molecules3) Shearing resistance between soil and another material under zerois called adhesionAdvance : 1) To advance galleries either drilling, blasting or mechanicalexcavation method can be used2) Role of advancing is very important in order to reach orebody 3) Mechanical gallery advancing is the most effective way in long distanced galleries Agglomeration : 1) Agglomeration is a kind of a concentration process2) Agglomeration also refers to briquetting, nodulizing, sintering, etc. 3) Agglomeration is based on adhesion of pulp particles towaterAlloy : 1) An alloy may be a compound of the metals 2) An alloy may be a solid mixture of the metals 3) An alloy may be a heterogeneouse mixtureAmalgation : 1) Gold is treated with mercury in order to obtain amalgam on thesurface2) Amalgation process for gold is done to mix gold with mercury3) The process by which mercury is alloyed with some other metalis called amalgationAnemometer : 1) Speed of wind and other moving gases are measured using an anemometer 2) Anemometer consists of a small fan from 7.6 to 15.2 cm in diameter that is rotated by the air current 3) Anemometer is held in the mine airway for the exact number of minutes Anomaly : 1) Drilling for economic mineral deposits might be conducted in the area of a geophysical anomaly2) In seismic usage anomaly is generally synonymous withsubsurface structure 3) A crystallographic anomaly is the lack of agreement between theapparent external symmetry of a crystal an d the observed opticalpropertiesAntimony : 1) Antimony is extracted from ore by roasting the ore and reducingwith carbon 2) Antimony expands on solidifying 3) Antimony can be found in element, oxide and sulphide formsArches : 1) Steel arches are used to support galleries 2) The steel arches are needed to carry forces applied by rocks 3) Supporting galleries with steel arches reduces the accident rate-B-Ball mill : 1) Ball mill is a type of a crusher which has balls inside2) In order to crush big substances ball mills are used3) Crushed particles of a given size range are placed in a ball millBallast : 1) In railways ballast are used to support rails2) Putting ballast under wooden ties is very important in rail laying3) Broken rock pieces used in railways are called ballastBaryte : 1) Natural barium oxide (BaSO4) is called baryte2) Baryte is also used in medical industry in X-ray diagnosis3) Baryte is usually found in a white crystalline powder formBell conveyor : 1) Bell conveyor i s used in the transportation of materials insidemines factories 2) Bell conveyors are the most efficient and cheapest way oftransport 3) Bell conveyors work with an angle between 0-17 degreesBench : 1) Mechanics prepare their work on benches2) Benhes are a type of seats which are strong and long3) Place where mechanics prepare their work is called benchBentonite : 1) Bentonite is a clay called material similar to fullers earth2) Bentonite is formed by the alternation of volcanic ash3) Bentonite is used to absorb oil and greaseBlasting : 1) Blasting is a method used in advancing2) In blasting method different types of explosives are used3) ANFO ( Amonium nitrate 94% + Fuel 6% ) is often used in blastingBlind shaft : 1) Blind shaft is a kind of a shaft2) Blind shaft is used between two levels3) By enlarging a vertical drillhole blind shaft can be madeBlister copper : 1) Blister copper is produced by blowing copper matte in aconverter2) Blistered copper ore is a reniform variety of c halcopyrite 3) The blister of copper are formed by gas escaping fromwithin copper Boundary : 1) Films of one constituent of an alloy surrounding the crystals ofanother are called boundary films2) A map created for the purpose of delineating a boundary line and the adjacent territory are called boundary maps3) A major fault with a considerable displacemen is called boundary faultBrittle : 1) The quality of a material that leads to crack propagation withoutappreciable plastic deformation is called brittle2) Chloritoid, basic silicate of aluminum, iron, and magnesium are some of the micas having brittle laminae 3) A nonductile material that fails catastrophically under dynamic loadingis called a brittle material -C-Cage : 1) Cages usually designed to take one or two cars per deck2) There is a guide found to prevent cages from swinging and colliding3) There is short prop or catch on which cage standsCave : 1) Collapse of the walls on root of a mine is called cave-in 2) A person whose h obby is to explore caves is a caver3) A compact bended deposit of calcite or araginot ( cave marble ) can be found in cavesCeramic : 1) Ceramic is any of a class of inorganic, nonmetallic products thatare subjected to a high temperature during manufacture or use 2) The work of ceramics is the pertaining to products or industriesinvolving the use of clay or other silicatesClay : 1) Kaolinite and china clay are good examples of clay 2) Clay is a calss of complex silicate 3) Clay seam or gauge found along the sides of veins are called clay courseCombustible : 1) Combustible gasess form a layer under the roof of a mineroadway2) Combustible gases in mines are very dangerous and need to taken out3) Methane is an example of combustible gasesCommunition : 1) To obtain proper material size for machinery is purpose ofcommunition 2) To prepare material for marketing is a purpose ofcommunition 3) To provide a certain degree of liberation is a purpose ofcommunition Conveying : 1) There are two t ypes of conveying ; hydraulic, pneumaticconveying 2) Conveying is done by the help of compressed water or air Copper : 1) Copper is used in steam boilers, eletric wire and in numerous alloys 2) Copper is the best conductor of electricity after silver3) Copper is a free metal and unaffected by water or steamCrushing : 1) In crushing process Roll, Cone, Impact and other cruchers areused2) Crushing is a step in communition3) Plant mills in mineral processing are also used in crushing Cutting machine : 1) A machine powered by compressed air or electricity thatdrives a cutting chain or other device is called cutting machine 2) Coal-cutting machine that is an adaptation of a shortwallmachine 3) An undercutting machine electrically driven cuttingmachine used to make a cut about 3.0 m deep near thebottom of a coalbedCyclone : 1) Cyclones are the conical shaped apparatus used in dust collectingoperations and fine grinding applications 2) In principle, the cyclone varies the speed of air 3) T here are two types of cyclones; wet, hydraulic cyclone-D-Dam : 1) Dam in needed to keep foul air or water, from mine workings 2) Dam can also isolate underground workings that are on fire 3) In a blast furnace the cast-iron plate supports the dam Debris : 1) A dirt -filled bag used for pack walls and chocks is called debris bag 2) Debris consists of rock fragments, soil material, and sometimes organic matterDetonation : 1) Simply detonation is an explosive decomposition or explosivecombustion reaction 2) There is pressure produced in the reaction zone of a detonation 3) Devices are used prevent a detonation initiatedDevelopment : 1) Development is an intermediate stage between exploration and mining 2) Work to reach orebody is termed as development Dewatering : 1) The mechanical separation of a mixture of coal and water intotwo parts is a kind of dewatering 2) A settling tank for clarifying washer circulating water is used indewatering 3) A screen is used in dewatering for the sep aration of water fromsolidsDilution : 1) The contamination of ore with barren wall rock in stoping is calleddilution2) The mixture of ore other substances in which grade is lowered is termed as dilution Discipline : 1) An engineer must be well disciplined2) The mining engineering is the most disciplined profession afterthe military3) Discipline is needed in order to protect the orders given inworking chain Dragline : 1) A crane boom used with a drag bucket is dragline boom2) An excavation system involving a dragline ; other draglineequipments is called dragline dredge 3) Operator of a scraper loading machine, known as a dragline iscalled drag loader Drilling : 1) Wet drilling is one of the methods used in dust remedy 2) The diamond, rotary, percussion drillings are usen in mining operations 3) The drill holes are source of information which give lithology, water conditions, samples Dump : 1) Dump is the point where a face conveyor discharges its coal into minecars2) Trucks in surfac e mining and shuttle cars in underground mining is atype of dump equipment 3) A chain grabhook having a lever attachment for releasing it is used asa dumb equipment Dust : 1) Dust level in a must be kept under 0.2 microns2) To avoid from dust diseases workers must use masks3) Spraying and suction machines can be helpful in order to protectworkers from dust Dynamite : 1) Compositions that contain significant amounts of nitroglycerin butarent detonable and considered to be dynamite2) The basic ingredient of dynamite is nitroglycerin3) Dynamite is the most known used explosive -E-Efficiency : 1) The ratio of work output to work input is calculated by efficiency engineers2) The weight of material correctly placed above or below thereference size, expressed as a percentage of the weight ofcorresponding material in the feed is the efficiency of sizing3) The efficieny of airway is which the combined capital andoperating cost is minimalEnvironment : 1) An evaluation of enviroment and condi tions at a particularfacility or site is called enviromental audit 2) An analysis of enviroment which may involve baseline environmental analyses and data gathered with regard to zoological, botanical, geologic, and economic factors3) In mining sector enviroment conditions play an important role Excavation : 1) Excavation includes digging, blasting, breaking, loading, andhauling, either at the surface or underground 2) The grab, skimmer, trencher, rotary digger, bucket wheel, andgrader are variants of excavation machines 3) Cableway fitted with a bucket suitably designed for excavationExplore : 1) Exploration is the first and main step of mining operations 2) Persons who works in exploring business is called prospectors 3) Exploration and evaluation process are related with each other -F-Fault : 1) In coal mining, a sudden thinning or disappearance of a coal seam iscalled fault 2) A fracture or a fracture zone in crustal rocks along which there hasbeen displacement of the two side s relative to one another parallel tothe fracture is named fault 3) Various descriptive names have been given to different kinds of faultsFault line : 1) An escarpment that is the result of differential erosion along a faultline is scarp2) Usually a straight valley follows the fault line 3) East face of the Sierra Nevada in California is na example of faultline scarpFeldspar : 1) The general formula of feldspar is XY4 O8 where X can beBa,Ca,K,Na,NH4 and Y can be Al,B,Si 2) Constituting 60% of the Earths crust, feldspar occurs in all rocktypes 3) There is a washbox to clean small coal, in which the pulsating wateris made to pass through a layer of graded material such as feldspar Filtration : 1) Filter loss and cake thickness constitute the determining factorsof filtration qualities2) The process of filtration is activated by suction or pressure, and commonly includes filter aids3) The products of filtration are clear liquid and a filter cakeFiredamp : 1) A stone, brick, or concrete airtight stopping to isolate anunderground fire is called firedamp 2) Firedamp play an important role in underground fire3) Firedamp prevent the inflow of fresh air and the outflow of foulairFlint : 1) Lots of devices, formerly used to provide light for miners at workusing flint 2) A smooth, flint like refractory clay rock is named flint-clay 3) Dark gray or black variety of chert is known as flintFlocculation : 1) Adding an electrolyte to suspension is the main step offlocculation 2) Agents of flocculation usually consist of long chain polymers,both natural and synthetic 3) The joining of soil colloids into a small group of soil particles,or the deposition or settling out of suspension of clay particlesin salt water are examples of flocculation-G-Gallery : 1) Galleries are horizontal or nearly horizontal underground passages 2) A subsidiary passage in a cave at a higher level than the mainpassage can be called gallery Gateway : 1) A road or way underground for air, water, or gene ral passage iscalled gateway 2) Gateway is also called gate road, main brow, trail roadGrinding : 1) There are two types of grinding; wet, dry grinding2) An additive (aid) to the charge in a ball mill or rod mill toaccelerate the grinding process 3) There are three main types of grinding mills; ball, rod, and tubemills-H-Hand picking : 1) In hand picking method up to 30% of waste rock is removed 2) In hand picking method removal of wastes take lots of time 3) In some mines hand picking method is used to collect coal Haulage : 1) In haulage cars are for surface or mine shaft operations and used tocarry ore and equipment to and from the digging site 2) In the early days chains were used in haulage in and around mines 3) A worker fully employed on the haulage system in a mine is calledhaulage handHeadframe : 1) Headframe is also called gallows frame, hoist frame, headstocks 2) Headframe includes all the raised structure around the shaft thatis used for loading and unloading cages 3) H eadframe is found at the top part of the shaftHelmet : 1) There are lamps connected to helmets 2) Helmets are the main safety devices in mines Hoisting : 1) The section of a mine shaft used for hoisting the mineral to thesurface is called hoistling compartment 2) Winding in a mine is a kind of hoisting 3) The capacity of the hoisting mechanism on a drill machine in termsof kilograms, tons is named hoisting powderHumidity : 1) The water-vapor content of the atmosphere is called humidity2) Humidity can be expressed as the mass of water per unit and percentage, ratio 3) There are two types of humidity; absolute, relative humidityHydraulic Transport : 1) Hydraulic transport includes hydraulic hoisting2) Long distance pipeline used for hydraulic transport ofcoal, gilsonite, copper concentrates and similarmaterials 3) Hydraulic transport is a continious tranport system which is especially used in large coal mines -I-Inclination : 1) Inclinator is the instrument to determine the inclinat ion of themagnetic field 2) As the maximum angle is approached in inclination, the rate ofhandling of bulk material is usually decreased 3)Declination and inclination are similar to each other Incline: 1) An incline shaft sunk at an inclination from the vertical, usuallyfollowing the dip of a lode 2) Plane, whether above or beneath the surface is incline ( slope)Isomorphism : 1) Carbonate minerals of the aragonite group are good exampleof isomorphous minerals 2) Having similar crystalline form is called isomorphism -J-Jigs : 1) Self-acting inclined track used to lower filled coal tubs and raise emptyis called jig brow 2) In jigs the difference in specific gravity, in a pulsating water medium areused 3) A pin is used in jigs to prevent the turning of the turn beamsJunctions : 1) In ventilation surveys, where three or more airways meet is calledjunction 2) The union of two lodes is a junction3) Junction is the point where two or more passageways intersecthorizontally or vertically-L-L evel : 1) Levels are commonly spaced at regular depth intervals and are eithernumbered from the surface or designated by their elevation below thetop of the shaft 2) In pitch mining, there may be a number of levels driven from the sameshaft, each being known by its depth from the surface or by the nameof the bed or seam in which it is driven 3) In speleology, a series of related passageways in a cave, occurring atthe same relative, vertical position is called levelLocomotive : 1) The locomotive may be powered by battery, diesel, compressed air 2) Locomotive are used to move empty and loaded mine cars inand out of the mine-M-Magnetic separator : 1) The crushed material is conveyed on a belt past amagnet and separated by magnetic separator2) In magnetic separator the difference of magnetism ofsubstances are used for separation 3) Magnetic separator is very important in the process ofbeneficiation of iron ore Malleable : 1) Copper and gold are mallable minerals 2) Minerals are malleab le when slices cut from them may beflattened out under a hammer 3) Mineral which can be plastically deformed under compressivestress is mallableMetal : 1) Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity 2) Metals are malleable and ductile, possesses high melting and boilingpoints, and tends to form positive ions in chemical compoundsMine : 1) There are severel kinds of mines such as ore, metal, or coal 2) The term mine is applied to underground workings having a roof ofundisturbed rock 3) The terms mine and coal mine are intended to signify any and all partsof the property of a mining plant, either on the surface or undergroundMine car : 1) There are six types of mine cars; The solid or box type, rollerdump type, gable bottom car, the Grandy car, bottom dump carand end dump car 2) Mine cars are loaded at production points and hauled to the pitbottom or surface in a train by locomotives or other powerMineral : 1) Any natural resource extracted from the earth for human use iscalle d mineral 2) Ores, salts, coal, or petroleum are some examples of minerals 3) In flotation, valuable mineral constituents of ore as opposed togangue minerals-O-Ore : 1) The term ores is sometimes applied collectively to opaque accessoryminerals2) Zone of rock rich in ore is called ore bandOrebody : 1) Values of ore body is found by evaluation process 2) Exploration is donr to locate orebodyOutburst : 1) The occurrence of outburst is violent and may overwhelm theworkings and fill the entire district with gaseous mixtures 2) Floor burst is a type of outburst generally occurring in longwallfaces and preceded by heavy weighting due to floor liftOverflow : 1) A system fitted to a drag suction hopper dredge which dispersesentrained gases from the overflow in a settling tank and dischargesthe degassed overflow below the surface is called antiturbitiyoverflow system-P-Panning : 1) Panning is a technique of prospecting for heavy metals 2) In panning the lighter fractions are washed away, lea ving the heavymetals behind 3) Panning process is for heavy metals such as gold, etc. Eva Luna EssayParachute : 1) Parachute is a safety device used in shafts 2) In the case of rope breakage parachute reduces the velocity offall 3) Parachutes can be installed to shaftsPelleziting : 1) Pelletizing is a step in agglomeration processPillar : 1) Pillars are normally left permanently to support the surface or to keepold workings water tight 2) The area of the shaft pillar is considerably greater than the surface arearequiring protection 3) Any large pillar entirely or relatively unbroken by roadways or airwaysthat is left around a property to protect it against water is called barrierpillarPolymorphism : 1) Polymorphism limited to two or three crystal classes isdimorphism or trimorphism 2) To crystallize in more than one crystal class is calledpolymorphism 3) Graphite, diamond, chaoite, and lonsdaleite are examples ofpolymorphious elementsPower plants : 1) Power plants produce energy for mine ; other facilities 2) Any device or machine which converts energy into some form of useful power, such as mechanical or electric power is called power plantProfit : 1) The ratio of profit is important in order to operate the mine 2) Simply profit is the money gained from a businessPulp density : 1) Pulp density is used in mineral processing 2) Pulp density has a marked effect on the recovery and grade ofconcentrate 3) if 5 cm3 of pulp weighs 15 g, then the pulp density is 3 g/cm3 -R-Railroad : 1) Usually railroads are used for transportation in mines2) Mine cars are carried by railroad3) Railroad is made of rails which form a trackRaise : 1) Raise climber is an equipment used in an opening 2) Excavating a shaft or steep tunnel upward is the process of raise 3) The connection of two level may be a winze or a raiseRamp : 1) An incline connecting two levels in an open pit or underground mineis called ramp 2) Ramp is a portion of a thrust fault that cuts across formationalcontacts in a short distanceRecovery : 1) A plant designed for separating diamond parti cles fromconcentrate by various processes is a recovery plant2) Recovery is a measure of mining or extraction efficiency. 3) Recovery is the percentage of valuable constituent derived froman oreRefrigeration : 1) A surface plant to form the protective barrier of frozenground in the freezing method of shaft sinking is calledrefrigeration plant 2) Refrigeration is in special application to mining, cooling of airbefore release in lowest levels of deep, hot mine 3) The process of absorption of heat from one location and itstransfer to and rejection at another place is called refrigerationRegulator : 1) Regulator is a ventilating device 2) Regulators are usually set in doors as adjustable, slidingpartitions that can be varied to the desired opening 3) Where possible, regulators are located on the exhaust side of asplit to minimize interference with trafficRoadway : 1) Roadway is an underground drivage2) Roadway is not steeply inclined3) Roadway may form part of longwall or bord-and-pilla r workings Rock : 1) An aggregate of one or more minerals is called rock2) Granite, shale, marble are examples of rock 3) In geology, the material that forms the essential part of the Earths solidcrust is names as rockRoof bolts : 1) Roof bolting consists of steel rods 2) A long steel bolt inserted into walls or roof of underground iscalled roof bolt 3) A steel plate, sometimes in combination with wooden headers orsteel straps are used in roof boltsRope : 1) The rope should be inspected daily, weekly 2) The life of rope is maximum two years3) In a rope there are six or more strands-S-Seam : 1) Seam is generally applied to large deposits of coal 2) A thin layer or stratum of rock separating two distinctive layers of different composition or greater magnitude is also called seam 3) A seam in a coalbed is at which the different layers of coal are easilyseparated Selective mining : 1) The object of selective mining is to obtain a relatively high- grade mine product 2) In general, select ive mining methods are applicable wherethe valuable sections of the deposit are rather large,comparatively few in number, and separated by relativelylarge volumes of waste 3) In coal mining, selective methods may be dictated bymarket demands and pricesShaft : 1) A shaft is provided with a hoisting engine at the top for handlingworkers, rock, and supplies 2) Shaft may be used only in connection with pumping or ventilating operations 3) A specially armored cable of great mechanical strength is used in theshaftShaking table : 1) In shaking table lateral shaking motion is given by means of asmall crank or an eccentric 2) Shaking table is shaken rapidly in a compounded to-and-fromotion by a vibrator 3) In ore dressing, flattish tables oscillated horizontally duringseparation of minerals fed onto shaking tablesShovel : 1) Shovel is any bucket equipped machine used for digging and loadingearthy or fragmented rock materials2) There are two types of shovels, the square-point and the round-po int3) Shovels are available with either long or short handlesSkip : 1) The skip is mounted within a carrying framework2) There is a bucket used for containing the material conveyed by a skip 3) Skip can also be adapted for personel ridingSlime table : 1) Slime table is used for the treatment of slime2) Slime table is an equipment used in slimingSpraying : 1) Spraying is a kind of remedy against dust 2) The spraying machine is mounted on wheels and operated bycompressed air 3) Spraying may be used for limewashing Stope : 1) A stope is the very antithesis of a shaft, tunnel, drift, winze, or othersimilar excavation in a mine 2) Stope, a room which is a wide working place in a flat mineStowing : 1) Stowing is a method of mining in which all the material of the vein isremoved 2) In stowing the waste is packed into the space left by the workingStrontium : 1) Strontium is found as celestite (SrSO4 ) and strontianite (SrCO3 )2) Strontium is majorly is used for color television picture 3 ) Strontium is a silvery white, alkaline earth metal-T-Tailings : 1) Tailings are used in washing,concentration, treatment of ground ore 2) Tailings machine is for sifting the tailings Tenor : 1) Tenor ( grade ) is a coal classification based on degree of purity 2) The relative quantity or the percentage of ore-mineral or metal content in an orebody is termes as tenor 3) Tenor is the classification of an ore according to the desired or worthless material in it or according to valueTie : 1) Ties are one of the transverse supports to which railroad rails arefastened to keep them to line, gauge, and grade2) Ties are made of either steel or woodTrack : 1) Track cable is a steel wire rope, usually a locked-coil rope thatsupports the wheels of mine cars 2) All railroad system and equipments in a mine is called track -V-Vein : 1) A mineral deposit, usually steeply inclined can be called vein 2) Also a narroy water way or a stream of water flowing in such a channelis a veinVentilator : 1) Ven tilators are a mechanical apparatus for producing a current ofair underground 2) Blowing or exhaust fan are some examples of ventilators 3) A small fan installed underground for ventilating coal faces orhard rock headings are called ventilation fans ( ventilators)Ventube : 1) Ventubes are made of steel, fiberglass, or coated fabric with thinwalls that can be easily connected2) Ventubes are used in mine ventilation to lead air wherever it isneeded -W-Wet cutting : 1) Wet cutting is a method of dust prevention 2) Wet cutting method is successful in seams up to1.22 m thick 3) In wet cutting water is delivered onto a moving cutter chain,through water pipes, and is carried into the cut where it isintimately mixed with the cuttingsWet drilling : 1) Wet drilling is needed to allay dust and danger ofpneumoconiosis 2) In rock drilling for blasting purposes, injection of water througha hollow drill is used and termes as wet drillingWinder : 1) Winder brake is an appliance or piece of equipme nt capable ofretarding or stopping cages in a shaft in an emergency 2) An electrically driven winding engine for hoisting a cage or cages up a vertical mine shaft is called winderWinding : 1) The operation of hoisting coal, ore, miners, or materials in a shaftis called winding 2) The machinery and equipment used to lower and raise loadsthrough a shaft are winding apparatusWinze : 1) When one is standing at the top of a completed connection theopening is referred to as a winze 2) A vertical opening driven downward connecting two levels in a mineis called winze3) Winze is a connection between two levels